The sounds of Mandarin language spoken by the state officials in Beijing were to be adopted as the standard, as well as the language of Beijing, with its grammar, words and phrases. The Ministry of Education ( xuebu 學部) thereupon convoked a Central Education Conference ( zhongyang jiaozu huiyi 中央教育會議) on which it was decided that a thorough investigation of words and phrases, of grammar and of the phonetic system of a national standard language had to be made. This would not only make the learning of Chinese characters easier for the whole population and the Non-Chinese peoples living within Chinese borders, but would also contribute to a standardized pronunciation of Chinese, so that a national standard language ( guoyu 國語) would come into being. All textbooks were to include the alphabet as a pronuncation note written to the side of Chinese characters ( yinbiao wenzi 音標文字). In 1910 it was suggested that this system might be adopted as the national standard and to be propagated in schools ( xuetang 學堂). The most important of these systems was the guanhua hesheng jianzi 官話合聲簡字 "simple signs for a unified pronunciation of the Mandarin language", an alphabet developed by Wang Zhao 王照 (1859-1933) and Lao Naixuan 勞乃宣 (1843-1921). Twenty-seven alphabets have been developed in order to enhance the degree of literacy. The origin of the zhuyin system goes back to the qieyin systems 切音 (phonetic alphabets, literally "cut-out sounds") of the late Qing period 清 (1644-1911). The original name was Guoyin zimu 國音字母 "national sound alphabet" and only received the actual name in 1930. The zhuyin alphabet is still in use in Taiwan. It was in use until 1958 when it was replaced by the Hanyu pinyin system in the People's Republic. It was developed by the Conference for the Unification of Pronunciation ( duyin tongyi hui 讀音統一會) from 1913 on and was promulgated as the national standard in 1918. The Zhuyin zimu 注音字母 (sound-notating alphabet), better known as "Bo-po-mo-fo alphabet" (like "ABC"), is the one of the oldest phonetic alphabets for standard Chinese created by Chinese.
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